Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the process of glucose assimilation.Violation develops due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin-the hormone responsible for its processing.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase in glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water-salt, carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common ailments.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of patients of diabetes of the first and second types are different in patients.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under thirty years.Violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.With it, there is a destruction of ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Most often, epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some drugs.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells on the islands of Langerganes of the pancreas causes their death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of insulin in plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not perceive it.There are a majority of such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the probability of inheritance of predisposition to him increases to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and a lack of fiber in the food, the risk of diabetes is increased.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Severe forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some drugs.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, the penetration of glucose into cells decreases and its level in the blood increases.
Symptoms of diabetes
- insatiable thirst;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin lesions are slowly heal;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- the smell of acetone from the patient;
- duties of breathing;
- heartbeat;
- itching of the skin;
- rapid weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reducing visual acuity.
When these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to test the blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into several types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with a lack of production of insulin in the body.This is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose in tissues.Its lack of it occurs due to damage to the beta cells of the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.This situation occurs after the viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden onset.Its symptoms are pronounced, since cells quickly find themselves in a state of starvation.A very high level of glucose is detected, often it reaches up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered LADA diabetes.This is autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical decrease in insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is an excess level of this hormone.Cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all identified individuals with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among the concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual onset.Its symptoms are scarce.The level of glucose rises moderately.Antibodies are not detected to pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the late appeals of the patient to the doctor when complications appeared.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and requires emergency hospitalization.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the level of glucose is sharply reduced.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, untimely meal, physical strain.The patient has hunger, a feeling of trembling in his hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With it, the level of glucose is growing.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Lactatat-acidotic coma.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular system due to oxygen starvation.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In late complications, lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of blood vessels.It extends to the vessels of any caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is striking in the vessels of the heart, brain and arteries of the lower extremities.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- blood glucose level;
- urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, an ultrasound scanning of the kidneys, the EEG of the brain, rheoencephalography, and the back vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Treatment of diabetes
The execution of the doctor’s prescriptions should be observed strictly.Blood sugar and drug treatment are carried out with this disease are carried out for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood glucose, as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Dietotherapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of dishes, they should contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can’t eat |
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* The table presents an incomplete list of products.To compile a correct and full -fledged diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase the concentration of blood glucose.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the total calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe a six -pillars of diet.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, then only this allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only power correction is bypassed.
It is preferable to use low -calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, plant fiber and dietary fiber.
Limit products containing a large amount of animal fats, rapid carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulins are produced in three types: short action, prolonged, intermediate.
The prolonged drug is administered once a day.Compliance with an individually selected scheme for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to achieve compensation for the disease.
Self -control level of glycemia
Self -control of the content of glucose in the blood is carried out daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at a convenient time.The device helps to draw up a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, determine the time of insulin and medication.The measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps to maintain the concentration of glucose in normal.
Saharasses
Sugar -pushy agents in tablets are prescribed for diabetes of the second type as an addition to a diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Derivatives of sulfonylmochevins- stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitate the penetration of glucose into cells;
- Biguanides- reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alfa-glucosidase inhibitors- slows down the growth of sugar levels, inactivating enzymes for the absorption of starch;
- thiazolidindo- reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improve the susceptibility of cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the health and condition of the patient in order to avoid sharp changes in glucose levels.
Prevention of diabetes
Patients with diabetes need to be constantly observed with an endocrinologist-he will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase the body's resistance to infections, and patients with a type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications develop that threaten life.If symptoms of sugar appear, you should consult a doctor and not self -medicate.